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The greatest example of Hellenistic Greek sculpture near Izmir, is as monumental work of Greek art built by King Eumenes II of Attalid Dynasty. The gigantomachy frieze adorning the base is made up over 100 individual panels showing gods in combat with giants. After the Gods of Olympus exiled the Titans, Gaia created the unique giants in human form and with snake-tailed legs as well as the God Zeus, Artemis, Poseidon, who rans lightning and even the goddess of beauty Aphrodite who dares to fight the giants.
Carl Human was a German engineer and architect. After his graduating he was sent to Ottoman island of Sisim where he participated in the excavation of the Temple of Hera. He could not forget this visit he made or he must have discovered something on his first visit because he came to Bergama once again in1866. During this visit he found a large relief depicting a lion in Acropolis. He bought both this and a few more pieces of artifacts he found in Pergamon and sent them too Berlin on a ship. This samples reached Alexander Conze who was the director of sculpture museum in Berlin in1877. Conze said that he could start working in Pergamon by contacting Humann immediately. The German government issued license and financed Humann to carry out excavations. In addition necessary permissions were obtained from the Ottoman Empire a telegram was sent to Germans 10 days after end of the excavations permit namely on 16 August and it was stared that the states share of the historical artifacts in Pergamon were to be sold. The Germans accepted this offer and on September 1, 47 chests containing all the altars of Athena and Zeus were transported from Dikili to the port of İzmir. First reached Trieste by ship Aquila Imperiale and then reached Berlin in 1879.
The Temple of Artemis, one of the seven wonders of the world, is the first temple of ancient world built of marble and its foundations date back to the 7th century BC. It was built by the Lydian king Croesus, dedicated to the Goddess Artemis. It was designed by the Greek architect Chersipron. It is decorated with bronze statues made by the greatest sculptors of the period, Pheidias, Polycleitus, Kresilas and Phradmon. Its size is 130x68 meters and its front face turned west like other Artemis temples. The temple was used both as a bazaar/market and for religios purposes.
The Temple of Artemis was burned on July 21 356 BC, by a Greek called Herostratus who wanted to immortalize his name. That same day, Alexander the Great was born. When Alexander the Great conquered the Anatolia, he offered rebuild the temple but refused.
Only a few marble blocks have survive from the temple.
Pergamon Asclepion had a great reputation in term of its treatment methods. Treatment method was determined according to the dreams of patients, in addition, physiological methods applied among the other methods. The Asclepion healt center hosted important names of the period as well as being famous in terms of treatment and architecture. Many important emperors, philosophers, artists, sculptors and aristocrats lived or visited here. Hippocrates was also working as a doctor in this treatment center. Here was different treatment methods like water, dreams, music. Water was believed to have healing power and sleeping rooms was another important form of treatment as well.
Excavations, especially on Ayasuluk Hill and Çukuriçi Tumulus, revealed that there were Neolithic settlements in the vicinity from 8 thousand years ago. The same excavations revealed that the Ephesus was founded in the Early Bronze Age and that Ayasuluk Hill was one of the first Ephesus settlements dating back even further. On the other hand, it is researched that Apasas, which was the capital of Arzava-Mira Kingdoms in western Anatolia during the Hittite Period, was also the Ayasuluk Hill. İt is known that the city, which developed in Ephesus during the Hellenistic and Roman periods, came to the Ayasuluk Hill again in the Byzantine period, was taken by the Turks in 1330 and became the capital of the Aydınoğulları Principality.
Pergamon was a major intellectual and cultural center in Mysia which flourished under the Attalid Dynasty (281-133BC) during the Hellenistic Period. It was the capital of the Kingdom of Pergamon and remained an important city for Romans, Byzantines and Ottoman Turks until its abandonment.
The city is probably best known as one of the seven churches of Asia in the biblical Book of Revelation. It is also well known as the birthplace of the Greek physician Galen. Morover one of the largest libraries of the ancient world is here.
There is several significant structures, monuments and temples to the Greek Gods. The most famous one is the Altar of Zeus, now in Pergamon Museum in Berlin.
It was built by the Byzantine Emperor Justinian the Great and is one of the largest structures of that period. It is claimed that in the central part of the basilica with 6 domes, at the bottom there is the tomb of St Jean. However no findings have been found yet. There is also a monument to St Jean here. This church which is considered very important for Christianity, is located in Ayasuluk castle and has a treasury building and a baptistery in the north.
The Library of Pergamon was established in the city of Pegamon by the Attalid king Eumenes II (197-159BC) and became the most famous and wll respected center of learning after Library of Alexandre, Egypt. The library continued in use from the reign of Eumenes II to Byzantine period.
The library is said to have held 200,000 books mostly written on parchment. The library was damaged along with the rest of the city in an earthquake of 262, but evidence suggest it was still in operation during the early years of Byzantine Empire.
According to legend, Ephesus was founded by the tribe of the Amazons. The name of the city is thought to have been derived from ‘Apasos’ the name of a city in the ‘’Kingdom of Arzawa’ meaning the ‘’city of the Mother Goddess’’. Ephesus is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.
The city was founded for second time by Ionian Androclus and the cities that were established after the Ionian migrations joined in a confederacy under the leadership of the city of Ephesus.
Ephesus was a center of learning and birthplace and home of great philosopher Heraclitus.
Ephesus remained under Persian rule until liberated by Alexander the Great in 334 BC. He saw the reconstruction of the Temple of Artemis not yet complete and he offered to rebuilt it. The Ephesians refused his offer claimining it was not seemly for one god to build a temple to another, flattering Alexander as a god, as they did not wish to be in his debt.
It is located at the end of the Marble Street. With a capacity of 24.000 people, it is the largest open-air theatre in the ancient world. The very ornate and three storey stage was completely demolished. Seating steps have three sections. The theatre became the venue for St. Paul’s sermons. The great theatre is not an amphitheater. Because it does not fit the amphi features.
Hadrian’s Temple
It was built as a monumental temple on behalf of Emperor Hadrian. It was built in accordance with the Corinthian style. The foundation myth of the Ephesus is depicted on the friezes. Hadrian’s Mausoleum is in city of Rome.
Domatian’s Temple
It was built for Emperor Domatianus, which is thought to be one of the largest structures in the city. The temple is located opposite the Trajan fountain. Only its base has survived to present day. It was determined that there were columns on the sides of the temple. What remains of the starue of Domitianus is the head and an arm.
The road between the state agora and the Celcus Library is the Curetes Street. It is the road through which the Curetes, religious leaders union. That is why it got this name Curetes Street.
There are shops behind the columns on both sides of the street and statues of famous people of the Ephesus in front of it. The city’s largest sewer system is under this marble lined street.
It was built on terraces. The wealthy people of the city lived in this houses. This houses are in comfort of modern houses. The walls are covered with marble and frescoes and the floor is covered with mosaics. All of the houses have a heating system and hammam.
The House of Virgin Mary, which is 9 km from Selçuk, is located on Bülbül Mountain. When you exit the upper gate of the Ephesus, it is at a point where you can reach it from the winding roads.
St Jean thought that it would be dangerous for Mary to stay in Jerusalem due to the Roman persecution and he came to Ephesus with Mary. Having a holly duty to spread the religion of Christianity, St Jean hid Mary from the public in a secret hut covered with trees on Mount Bülbül.
The Story of House of The Virgin Mary
In Germany a patient named Anna Katharina Emmerick consoled herself with specific visions of the life of Jesus and Mary. The story of the woman caught the attention of the German poet Clemens Brentano. After her death, the poet published a book called The Life of Mary, according to visions of Anna Katharina Emmerick.
A group of people, who read the book The Life of Mary, in order to be sure of accuracy of the story they set out with a compass in their hands. Next to the water source, they saw the remains of a church and tried to combine the surrounding landscape with Emmerick’s book. They found a point where Ephesus on one side and the sea on the other side. Finally the house where The Virgin Mary lived became clear.
Red Baslilica also called Red hall is a monumental ruined temple in the ancient city of Pergamon. This temple was built during the Roman Empire, probably in the time of Hadrian. The temple is thought to have been used for the worship of Egyptian Gods. Specifically Isis, Serapis and Osiris.
Use and Propose
The temple was certainly used to worship Egyptian gods. An inscription referring to the temple mentions ‘’Serapis, Isis, Osiris, Apis, Helios on a horse. Unlike Greek temples, the god worshipped in the Red Hall was confined to the eastern half of the temple.
